ORGAN SYSTEMS Cardiology In the early years of the twentieth century, Dutch physicist Willem Einthoven adapted to medical practice a newly discovered instrument for measuring …
ORGAN SYSTEMS Cardiology In the early years of the twentieth century, Dutch physicist Willem Einthoven adapted to medical practice a newly discovered instrument for measuring …
In surveying the state of the healing arts today, one is surely impressed by the contrasts with earlier centuries. Horrible scourges like smallpox, cholera, and …
Women finally were accepted as full-fledged medical practitioners in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but not without a struggle. Of course women had been highly …
The firm knowledge that bacteria were causes of diseases and were the transmissible agents responsible for contagion was acquired in the nineteenth century, but the …
Although the early decades of the nineteenth century were a virtual continuation of medical developments in the previous century, two particular advances (anesthesia and the …
METHODS OF TREATMENT In the early years of the nineteenth century, the principal therapies open to European and American physicians were general regimens of diet, …
It is often thought that the eighteenth century—with its insistence on a rational and scientific approach to all the historic issues confronting mankind—succeeded in sweeping …
Called the “Age of the Scientific Revolution,” the seventeenth century represents a major turning point in the history of science. Instead of asking why things …
Even in the desperate depths of the Middle Ages, social, economic, and cultural events were underway which would burst forth in the mid-fifteenth century in …
Western Europe emerged from the Dark Ages about the year 1000 in a spirit of enthusiasm, optimism, and cultural unity difficult for us to understand …
Medical education was truly established in neither the monastic communities of orders such as the Benedictines nor the cathedral schools of the renascent Holy Roman …
During the first five centuries of the Christian era, barbarian invasions of the West, recurrent disasters and pestilences, and the zealous anti-Hellenism of the Christian …
The Fall of Rome to the Goths in 476 and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 to the Turks are often cited as marking the …
The Greek physician Galen (c. 129-c. 200) was probably the most influential writer of all time on medical subjects. For nearly fifteen hundred years his …
The early followers of the crucified Jesus Christ of Nazareth were convinced of the imminence of his Second Coming, the Day of Judgment, and the …
As in Mycenaean times, both religious and secular medical practice continued to operate side by side. Physicians frequently contributed to the Asclepieian temples, and columns …
Greek medicine after Hippocrates reached a peak in Alexandria and shortly afterward began to infiltrate Rome, which exercised hegemony over the Greek world after 146 …
After the time of Hippocrates, groups of teachers and practitioners split up into a variety of separate medical systems, or sects. The ideas of the …
Over many centuries, the warrior heroes, the medical craftsmen, and the gymnasts of ancient Greece had accumulated a store of pragmatic information on maintaining health; …
In the several centuries between the flourishing of Cretan-Mycenaean civilization and the time of the philosopher-scientists, a distinct change had come about in Greek attitudes …